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Turkish grammar · Level A1

Vowel harmony: ünlü uyumu

Turkish builds words out of suffixes: ev is a house, evler houses, evlerimiz our houses. The vowel of a suffix isn’t fixed: it follows the last vowel of the word. So evler but okullar; evde but okulda. The rule is at work in every sentence.

Two-way suffixes: a or e

Vowels are back (a, ı, o, u) or front (e, i, ö, ü). If the word’s last vowel is back, the suffix takes a; if it’s front, e. That’s how the plural -lar / -ler, “where?” -da / -de, “from where?” -dan / -den, “to where?” -a / -e and the negative -ma / -me work.

The plural: -lar or -ler
Last vowelSuffixExamples
a, ı, o, u-larkitaplar · kızlar · okullar · çocuklar
e, i, ö, ü-lerevler · denizler · gözler · günler
  • Bu kitaplar çok güzel.These books are very nice.
  • Ben evde çalışıyorum.I work from home.

Tip: Only the last vowel counts: araba → arabalar, otobüs → otobüsler.

Four-way suffixes: ı, i, u, ü

Some suffixes have four forms: “my” -(ı)m, the accusative -(y)ı, “am” -(y)ım, the question word mı. After a, ı → ı; after e, i → i; after o, u → u; after ö, ü → ü. The suffix vowel is back or front like the word, and rounded (u, ü) if the word’s vowel is rounded (o, u, ö, ü).

“My …”: -ım / -im / -um / -üm
Last vowelSuffixExample
a, ııadım · kızım
e, iievim · isim → ismim
o, uuokulum · yolum
ö, üügözüm · günüm
  • Adım Olena. Ukraynalıyım.My name is Olena. I’m Ukrainian.
  • Bu senin okulun mu?Is this your school?

Consonants change too

After voiceless consonants (f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p — remembered as «fıstıkçı şahap») suffixes with d start with t: kitapta, uçaktan, gitti. A final k before a vowel becomes ğ: çocuk → çocuğu, ekmek → ekmeği; p → b, t → d, ç → c: kitap → kitabı, renk → rengi.

Where? -da / -de / -ta / -te
WordWhere?Why
okulokuldaback u, voiced l
evevdefront e
parkparktavoiceless k → t
sokaksokaktavoiceless k → t
İstanbulİstanbul’daa proper name takes an apostrophe
  • Otobüs durakta bekliyor.The bus is waiting at the stop.
  • Çocuğu okula götürüyorum.I’m taking the child to school.

Tip: The suffix -yor never changes: geliyor, okuyor, görüyor.

Common mistakes

The mistakes people make most often — and the right way.

  • Wrong: evlar

    Right: evler

    The last vowel e is front: -ler.

  • Wrong: okulde

    Right: okulda

    U is back: -da.

  • Wrong: kitapda

    Right: kitapta

    After voiceless p: t.

  • Wrong: çocuku

    Right: çocuğu

    K between vowels becomes ğ.

Vowel harmony: evler, okullar

Quiz

10 questions: choose the right option — the explanation appears straight away.

  1. Question 1

    Bu _____ çok büyük. (ev)

  2. Question 2

    Bütün _____ kapalı. (okul)

  3. Question 3

    Ben şimdi _____. (ev)

  4. Question 4

    Kedi _____ uyuyor. (park)

  5. Question 5

    _____ Olena. (ad)

  6. Question 6

    Bu benim _____. (göz)

  7. Question 7

    Sen öğretmen _____?

  8. Question 8

    Onlar _____ geliyor. (uçak)

  9. Question 9

    _____ okula gidiyor. (çocuk)

  10. Question 10

    Biz _____ yaşıyoruz. (İstanbul)

Correct: 0 of 10

FAQ

Didn’t find your answer? Send us a request — we’ll tell you everything.

Are there exceptions?

Yes, in loanwords: saat → saat**ler**, saat**i**, alkol → alkol**ü**. And a few suffixes never change: -yor (geliyor), -ken (gelirken), -ki (yarınki).

Why the apostrophe in İstanbul’da?

Suffixes on proper names (cities, countries, people) are set off with an apostrophe: Türkiye’de, Ali’nin, Kiev’den. Ordinary words take none: evde, okulda.

How do I get used to it fast?

Learn words with a suffix attached: ev — evde — evim, okul — okulda — okulum. In a week your ear will tell you «evlar» sounds wrong.

Next step

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