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French grammar · Level B1

Plus-que-parfait: the past before the past

The plus-que-parfait shows that one past action happened before another: Quand je suis arrivé, le film avait déjà commencé — When I arrived, the film had already started. It’s built like the passé composé, but with avoir or être in the imparfait: j’avais fini, j’étais parti.

How to form the plus-que-parfait

The imparfait of avoir or être + the past participle. The auxiliary is chosen exactly as in the passé composé: être for verbs of movement (aller, venir, partir, arriver…) and all reflexive verbs, avoir for the rest. With être the participle agrees with the subject.

parler and partir
Personparler (avoir)partir (être)
jej’avais parléj’étais parti(e)
tuavais parléétais parti(e)
il / elleavait parléétait parti / partie
nousavions parléétions parti(e)s
vousaviez parléétiez parti(e)(s)
ils / ellesavaient parléétaient partis / parties

The past before the past

When you’re telling a story in the passé composé or imparfait and need to step further back in time, use the plus-que-parfait. It often comes with déjà (already), jamais (never) and avant (before).

  • Quand nous sommes arrivés, le train était déjà parti.When we arrived, the train had already left.
  • Je n’avais jamais vu la mer avant ce voyage.I had never seen the sea before that trip.
  • Elle était fatiguée parce qu’elle avait mal dormi.She was tired because she had slept badly.
  • Il m’a dit qu’il avait fini.He told me he had finished.

Si j’avais su… — regrets and unreal conditions

To say what could have happened in the past but didn’t, put the plus-que-parfait after si and the conditionnel passé (aurais / serais + participle) in the main clause. Si seulement… + plus-que-parfait on its own expresses regret.

  • Si j’avais su, je serais venu.If I had known, I would have come.
  • Si tu étais venu, tu aurais vu Marie.If you had come, you would have seen Marie.
  • Si seulement j’avais écouté !If only I had listened!

Tip: As with the imparfait, si is never followed by the conditional: not “si j’aurais su” but si j’avais su.

Common mistakes

The mistakes people make most often — and the right way.

  • Wrong: J’avais allé au cinéma.

    Right: J’étais allé au cinéma.

    aller takes être.

  • Wrong: Elle était parti.

    Right: Elle était partie.

    With être the participle agrees with the subject.

  • Wrong: Si j’aurais su…

    Right: Si j’avais su…

    After si: the plus-que-parfait.

  • Wrong: Quand je suis arrivé, il a déjà parti.

    Right: Quand je suis arrivé, il était déjà parti.

    The earlier action is plus-que-parfait; partir takes être.

  • Wrong: Nous avions venu.

    Right: Nous étions venus.

    venir takes être.

The plus-que-parfait: j’avais fait

Quiz

10 questions: choose the right option — the explanation appears straight away.

  1. Question 1

    Quand je suis arrivé, le film _____ déjà commencé.

  2. Question 2

    Quand je l’ai appelée, elle _____ déjà partie.

  3. Question 3

    Nous _____ déjà mangé quand ils sont arrivés.

  4. Question 4

    Si j’_____ su, je serais venu.

  5. Question 5

    Il m’a dit qu’il _____ fini son travail.

  6. Question 6

    Ils étaient _____ au cinéma.

  7. Question 7

    Je n’_____ jamais vu la mer avant ce voyage.

  8. Question 8

    Elle avait _____ ses clés.

  9. Question 9

    Si tu _____ venu, tu aurais vu Marie.

  10. Question 10

    Quand nous sommes arrivés, le train _____ parti.

Correct: 0 of 10

FAQ

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Do I always need the plus-que-parfait?

If the order of events is already clear (Je suis rentré, j’ai mangé, j’ai dormi), the passé composé is enough. You need the plus-que-parfait when you step back in time from the point you’re narrating.

Is it like the English past perfect?

Very much so: j’avais fini = I had finished. The only difference is that some verbs use être (j’étais parti = I had left).

Where does it come up most?

In stories, reported speech (Il a dit qu’il avait oublié) and regrets (Si j’avais su…). DELF B1 examiners expect it in a written account of past events.

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